• About This Book
  • Who Should Read This Book
  • Portability Considerations
• The C Library
  • Summary of Library Functions
    • Error Handling
    • Process Control
    • File and Directory Management
    • Searching and Sorting
    • Regular Expressions
    • Mathematical
      • Trigonometric Functions
      • Bessel Functions
    • Date, Time, and Monetary Manipulation
    • Messages
    • Type Conversion
      • Multibyte and Wide-Character Type Conversion
    • Stream Input/Output
      • Formatted Input/Output
      • Character and String Input/Output
      • Wide Character and String Input/Output
      • Direct Input/Output
      • File Positioning
      • File Access
      • File Operations
    • Low-Level Input/Output
      • Port Input/Output
      • Character and String Input/Output
      • Direct Input/Output
      • File Positioning
      • File Access
      • File Operations
    • Handling Argument Lists
    • Pseudorandom Numbers
    • Dynamic Memory Management
      • Allocating and Freeing Memory
      • Heap Information and Checking
      • Heap Creation and Management
    • Memory Objects
    • Environment Interaction
      • Setting and Querying Locale
      • String and Character Collating
    • String Operations
    • Character Testing
    • Character Case Mapping
    • Wide Character String Operation Functions
  • Differentiating between Memory Management Functions
    • Heap-Specific Functions
  • Infinity and NaN Support
    • Infinity and NaN in Library Functions
      • scanf Family
      • printf Family
      • String Conversion Functions
      • Math Functions
  • Using Low-Level I/O Functions
• Library Functions
  • abort - Stop a Program
  • abs - Calculate Integer Absolute Value
  • access - Determine Access Mode
  • acos - Calculate Arccosine
  • asctime - Convert Time to Character String
  • asin - Calculate Arcsine
  • assert - Verify Condition
  • atan - atan2 - Calculate Arctangent
  • atexit - Record Program Termination Function
  • atof - Convert Character String to Float
  • atoi - Convert Character String to Integer
  • atol - Convert Character String to Long Integer
  • _atold - Convert Character String to Long Double
  • _beginthread - Create New Thread
  • Bessel Functions - Solve Differential Equations
  • bsearch - Search Arrays
  • calloc - Reserve and Initialize Storage
  • catclose - Closes a Specified Message Catalog
  • catgets - Retrieves a Message from a Catalog
  • catopen - Opens a Specified Message Catalog
  • ceil - Find Integer >= Argument
  • _cgets - Read String of Characters from Keyboard
  • chdir - Change Current Working Directory
  • _chdrive - Change Current Working Drive
  • chmod - Change File Permission Setting
  • _chsize - Alter Length of File
  • clearerr - Reset Error Indicators
  • clock - Determine Processor Time
  • close - Close File Associated with Handle
  • cos - Calculate Cosine
  • cosh - Calculate Hyperbolic Cosine
  • _cprintf - Print Characters to Screen
  • _cputs - Write String to Screen
  • creat - Create New File
  • _CRT_init - Initialize DLL Run-Time Environment
  • _CRT_term - Terminate DLL Run-Time Environment
  • _cscanf - Read Data from Keyboard
  • ctime - Convert Time to Character String
  • _cwait - Wait for Child Process
  • difftime - Compute Time Difference
  • div - Calculate Quotient and Remainder
  • _DLL_InitTerm - Initialize and Terminate DLL Environment
  • dup - Associate Second Handle with Open File
  • dup2 - Associate Second Handle with Open File
  • _ecvt - Convert Floating-Point to Character
  • _endthread - Terminate Current Thread
  • __eof - Determine End of File
  • erf - erfc - Calculate Error Functions
  • execl - _execvpe - Load and Run Child Process
  • exit - End Program
  • _exit - End Process
  • exp - Calculate Exponential Function
  • fabs - Calculate Floating-Point Absolute Value
  • fclose - Close Stream
  • _fcloseall - Close All Open Streams
  • _fcvt - Convert Floating-Point to String
  • fdopen - Associates Input Or Output With File
  • feof - Test End-of-File Indicator
  • ferror - Test for Read/Write Errors
  • fflush - Write Buffer to File
  • fgetc - Read a Byte
  • fgetpos - Get File Position
  • fgets - Read a String
  • fgetwc - Read Wide Character from Stream
  • fgetws - Read Wide-Character String from Stream
  • _filelength - Determine File Length
  • fileno - Determine File Handle
  • floor - Integer <= Argument
  • _flushall - Write Buffers to Files
  • fmod - Calculate Floating-Point Remainder
  • fopen - Open Files
  • fprintf - Write Formatted Data to a Stream
  • fputc - Write a Byte
  • fputs - Write String
  • fputwc - Write Wide Character
  • fputws - Write Wide-Character String
  • fread - Read Items
  • free - Release Storage Blocks
  • freopen - Redirect Open Files
  • frexp - Separate Floating-Point Value
  • fscanf - Read Formatted Data
  • fseek - Reposition File Position
  • fsetpos - Set File Position
  • fstat - Information about Open File
  • ftell - Get Current Position
  • _ftime - Store Current Time
  • _fullpath - Get Full Path Name of Partial Path
  • fwrite - Write Items
  • gamma - Gamma Function
  • _gcvt - Convert Floating-Point to String
  • getc - getchar - Read a Byte
  • _getch - _getche - Read Character from Keyboard
  • _getcwd - Get Path Name of Current Directory
  • _getdcwd - Get Full Path Name of Current Directory
  • _getdrive - Get Current Working Drive
  • getenv - Search for Environment Variables
  • getpid - Get Process Identifier
  • gets - Read a Line
  • getwc - Read Wide Character from Stream
  • getwchar - Get Wide Character from stdin
  • gmtime - Convert Time
  • _heapchk - Validate Default Memory Heap
  • _heapmin - Release Unused Memory from Default Heap
  • _heapset - Validate and Set Default Heap
  • _heap_walk - Return Information about Default Heap
  • hypot - Calculate Hypotenuse
  • iconv - Convert Characters to New Code Set
  • iconv_close - Remove Conversion Descriptor
  • iconv_open - Create Conversion Descriptor
  • isalnum to isxdigit - Test Integer Value
  • isascii - Test Integer Values
  • isatty - Test Handle for Character Device
  • _iscsym - _iscsymf - Test Integer
  • iswalnum to iswxdigit - Test Wide Integer Value
  • iswctype - Test for Character Property
  • _itoa - Convert Integer to String
  • _kbhit - Test for Keystroke
  • labs - Calculate Absolute Value of Long Integer
  • ldexp - Multiply by a Power of Two
  • ldiv - Perform Long Division
  • lfind - lsearch - Find Key in Array
  • localeconv - Retrieve Information from the Environment
  • localtime - Convert Time
  • log - Calculate Natural Logarithm
  • log10 - Calculate Base 10 Logarithm
  • longjmp - Restore Stack Environment
  • lseek - Move File Pointer
  • _ltoa - Convert Long Integer to String
  • _makepath - Create Path
  • malloc - Reserve Storage Block
  • _matherr - Process Math Library Errors
  • max - Return Larger of Two Values
  • mblen - Determine Length of Multibyte Character
  • mbstowcs - Convert Multibyte String to Wide-Character String
  • mbtowc - Convert Multibyte Character to Wide Character
  • memchr - Search Buffer
  • memcmp - Compare Buffers
  • memcpy - Copy Bytes
  • memicmp - Compare Bytes
  • memmove - Copy Bytes
  • memset - Set Bytes to Value
  • _mheap - Query Memory Heap for Allocated Object
  • min - Return Lesser of Two Values
  • mkdir - Create New Directory
  • mktime - Convert Local Time
  • modf - Separate Floating-Point Value
  • _msize - Return Number of Bytes Allocated
  • nl_langinfo - Retrieve Locale Information
  • _onexit - Record Termination Function
  • open - Open File
  • perror - Print Error Message
  • pow - Compute Power
  • printf - Print Formatted Characters
  • putc - putchar - Write a Byte
  • _putch - Write Character to Screen
  • putenv - Modify Environment Variables
  • puts - Write a String
  • putwc - Write Wide Character
  • putwchar - Write Wide Character to stdout
  • qsort - Sort Array
  • querylocaleenv - Query Locale Environment Variables
  • raise - Send Signal
  • rand - Generate Random Number
  • read - Read Into Buffer
  • realloc - Change Reserved Storage Block Size
  • regcomp - Compile Regular Expression
  • regerror - Return Error Message for Regular Expression
  • regexec - Execute Compiled Regular Expression
  • regfree - Free Memory for Regular Expression
  • remove - Delete File
  • rename - Rename File
  • rewind - Adjust Current File Position
  • rmdir - Remove Directory
  • _rmem_init - Initialize Memory Functions for Subsystem DLL
  • _rmem_term - Terminate Memory Functions for Subsystem DLL
  • _rmtmp - Remove Temporary Files
  • scanf - Read Data
  • _searchenv - Search for File
  • setbuf - Control Buffering
  • _set_crt_msg_handle - Change Run-Time Message Output Destination
  • setjmp - Preserve Environment
  • setlocale - Set the Locale of the Program
  • _setmode - Set File Translation Mode
  • setvbuf - Control Buffering
  • signal - Handle Interrupt Signals
  • sin - Calculate Sine
  • sinh - Calculate Hyperbolic Sine
  • _sopen - Open Shared File
  • _spawnl - _spawnvpe - Start and Run Child Processes
  • _splitpath - Decompose Path Name
  • sprintf - Print Formatted Data to Buffer
  • sqrt - Calculate Square Root
  • srand - Set Seed for rand Function
  • sscanf - Read Data
  • stat - Get Information about File or Directory
  • strcat - Concatenate Strings
  • strchr - Search for Byte
  • strcmp - Compare Strings
  • strcmpi - Compare Strings Without Case Sensitivity
  • strcoll - Compare Strings Using Collation Rules
  • strcpy - Copy Strings
  • strcspn - Get Length of a Substring
  • _strdate - Copy Current Date
  • strdup - Duplicate String
  • strerror - Set Pointer to Run-Time Error Message
  • _strerror - Set Pointer to System Error String
  • strfmon - Convert Monetary Value to String
  • strftime - Convert to Formatted Time
  • stricmp - Compare Strings as Lowercase
  • strlen - Determine String Length
  • strlwr - Convert Uppercase to Lowercase
  • strncat - Concatenate Strings
  • strncmp - Compare Strings
  • strncpy - Copy Strings
  • strnicmp - Compare Strings Without Case Sensitivity
  • strnset - strset - Set Bytes in String
  • strpbrk - Find Bytes in String
  • strptime - Convert to Formatted Date and Time
  • strrchr - Find Last Occurrence of Byte in String
  • strrev - Reverse String
  • strspn - Get Length of Substring
  • strstr - Locate Substring
  • _strtime - Copy Time
  • strtod - Convert Character String to Double
  • strtok - Tokenize String
  • strtol - Convert Character String to Long Integer
  • strtold - Convert String to Long Double
  • strtoul - Convert String Segment to Unsigned Integer
  • strupr - Convert Lowercase to Uppercase
  • strxfrm - Transform String
  • swab - Swap Adjacent Bytes
  • system - Invoke the Command Processor
  • tan - Calculate Tangent
  • tanh - Calculate Hyperbolic Tangent
  • _tell - Get Pointer Position
  • tempnam - Produce Temporary File Name
  • _threadstore - Access Thread-Specific Storage
  • time - Determine Current Time
  • tmpfile - Create Temporary File
  • tmpnam - Produce Temporary File Name
  • _toascii - _tolower - _toupper - Convert Character
  • tolower - toupper - Convert Character Case
  • towlower - towupper - Convert Wide Character Case
  • tzset - Set Time Zone Information
  • _uaddmem - Add Memory to a Heap
  • _ucalloc - Reserve and Initialize Memory from User Heap
  • _uclose - Close Heap from Use
  • _ucreate - Create a Memory Heap
  • _udefault - Change the Default Heap
  • _udestroy - Destroy a Heap
  • _uheapchk - Validate Memory Heap
  • _uheapmin - Release Unused Memory in User Heap
  • _uheapset - Validate and Set Memory Heap
  • _uheap_walk - Return Information about Memory Heap
  • _ultoa - Convert Unsigned Long Integer to String
  • _umalloc - Reserve Memory Blocks from User Heap
  • umask - Sets File Mask of Current Process
  • ungetc - Push Byte onto Input Stream
  • _ungetch - Push Character Back to Keyboard
  • ungetwc - Push Wide Character onto Input Stream
  • unlink - Delete File
  • _uopen - Open Heap for Use
  • _ustats - Get Information about Heap
  • utime - Set Modification Time
  • va_arg - va_end - va_start - Access Function Arguments
  • vfprintf - Print Argument Data to Stream
  • vprintf - Print Argument Data
  • vsprintf - Print Argument Data to Buffer
  • wait - Wait for Child Process
  • wcscat - Concatenate Wide-Character Strings
  • wcschr - Search for Wide Character
  • wcscmp - Compare Wide-Character Strings
  • wcscoll - Compare Wide-Character Strings
  • wcscpy - Copy Wide-Character Strings
  • wcscspn - Find Offset of First Wide-Character Match
  • wcsftime - Convert to Formatted Date and Time
  • wcslen - Calculate Length of Wide-Character String
  • wcsncat - Concatenate Wide-Character Strings
  • wcsncmp - Compare Wide-Character Strings
  • wcsncpy - Copy Wide-Character Strings
  • wcspbrk - Locate Wide Characters in String
  • wcsrchr - Locate Wide Character in String
  • wcsspn - Search Wide-Character Strings
  • wcsstr - Locate Wide-Character Substring
  • wcstod - Convert Wide-Character String to Double
  • wcstok - Tokenize Wide-Character String
  • wcstol - Convert Wide-Character to Long Integer
  • wcstombs - Convert Wide-Character String to Multibyte String
  • wcstoul - Convert Wide-Character String to Unsigned Long
  • wcswcs - Locate Wide-Character Substring
  • wcswidth - Determine Display Width of Wide-Character String
  • wcsxfrm - Transform Wide-Character String
  • wctob - Convert Wide Character to Byte
  • wctomb - Convert Wide Character to Multibyte Character
  • wctype - Get Handle for Character Property Classification
  • wcwidth - Determine Display Width of Wide Character
  • write - Writes from Buffer to File
• Notices
  • Copyright Notices
  • Disclaimers
  • Trademarks
• Glossary
  • A
    • abstraction (data)
    • access
    • access mode
    • alignment
    • American National Standards Institute
    • ANSI (American National Standards Institute)
    • API (application program interface)
    • application
    • application program
    • argument
    • array
    • array element
    • ASCII (American National Standard Code for Information Interchange)
  • B
    • backslash
    • binary stream
    • blank character
    • block
    • boundary alignment
    • brackets
    • built-in
  • C
    • C++ class library
    • C++ library
    • call
    • cast
    • character
    • character array
    • character class
    • character constant
    • character set
    • character string
    • child
    • class
    • class library
    • C library
    • code page
    • codeset
    • collating element
    • collating sequence
    • collection
    • Collection Class Library
    • command
    • condition
    • const
    • constant
    • control character
    • conversion
    • conversion descriptor
    • coordinated universal time (UTC)
    • current working directory
  • D
    • data object
    • data stream
    • data type
    • DBCS (double-byte character set)
    • declaration
    • default locale
    • define directive
    • definition
    • delete
    • device
    • directory
    • display
    • dot
    • double-byte character set
    • double-precision
    • dump
    • dynamic
  • E
    • EBCDIC (extended binary-coded decimal interchange code)
    • E-format
    • element
    • empty string
    • epoch
    • exception
    • exception handler
    • executable file
    • extension
  • F
    • file mode
    • file mode bits
    • file scope
    • for statement
    • function
    • function call
  • G
    • global
    • global variable
    • GMT (Greenwich Mean Time)
    • Greenwich Mean Time
  • H
    • header file
    • heap
  • I
    • I18N
    • identifier
    • if statement
    • include directive
    • include file
    • input stream
    • instance
    • instruction
    • internationalization
    • iteration
  • K
    • key access
    • keyword
  • L
    • label
    • library
    • link
    • linker
    • literal
    • local
    • locale
    • lvalue
  • M
    • macro
    • mask
    • member
    • method
    • migrate
    • mode
    • module
    • multibyte code set (MBCS)
    • multitasking
  • N
    • name
    • NULL
    • null character (NUL)
    • null pointer
    • null string
    • null value
  • O
    • object
    • open file
    • operating system (OS)
    • operator precedence
    • overflow
  • P
    • parameter
    • parent process
    • path name
    • period
    • pointer
    • portable character set
    • portability
    • positional parameter
    • precedence
    • predefined macros
    • preprocessor
    • printable character
    • process
    • process ID
    • public
  • R
    • redirection
    • reentrant
    • regular expression
    • root
    • run-time library
  • S
    • scope
    • semaphore
    • sequence
    • session
    • signal
    • signal handler
    • space character
    • specifiers
    • standard error (stderr)
    • standard input (stdin)
    • standard output (stdout)
    • statement
    • static
    • stream
    • stream buffer
    • string
    • string constant
    • struct
    • structure
    • subsystem
    • support
  • T
    • text file
    • this
    • thread
    • tilde
    • token
    • trap
    • type
    • type conversion
    • type definition
    • type specifier
  • U
    • underflow
    • union
  • V
    • variable
  • W
    • while statement
    • white space
    • wide character
    • wide-character string
    • working directory